COST ESTIMATING MANUAL FOR WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
COST ESTIMATING MANUAL FOR
WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Construction Cost Estimating
1.1 Cost Estimating – Art or Science? 11.2 Structure of the Manual 1
1.3 Rules of Thumb for Good Estimates 2
1.4 Use of Historic Data 3
1.5 Adjusting the Numbers 3
Chapter 2 Water Treatment Processes
2.1 Basic Plant Design Philosophy 52.2 Brief Description of Basic Water Treatment 6
2.3 Basic Conventional Water Treatment Processes 8
2.4 Advanced Water Treatment Processes 12
Chapter 3 Solids Handling and Disposal
3.1 Solids Handling 173.2 Sludge Thickening 17
3.3 Sludge Dewatering and Drying 18
Chapter 4 Construction Cost Estimating at Predesign
4.1 Construction Cost Estimating 194.2 Classes and Types of Cost Estimates 20
4.3 Predesign Construction Cost Estimating 21
4.4 Definition of Terms 21
4.5 Estimating Methodology 24
4.6 Capital Improvement Costs 26
Chapter 5 Water Treatment Predesign Construction Costs
5.1 Introduction 295.2 Treatment Process and Cost Estimating Parameters 30
5.3 Cost Curves 32
5.4 Estimating Process and Total Facilities Cost 32
5.5 Individual Treatment Process Cost Curves 32
5.5.1 Chlorine Storage and Feed from 150-lb to 1-ton Cylinders 32
5.5.2 Chlorine Storage Tank with Rail Delivery or Feed from Rail Car 36
5.5.3 Chlorine Direct Feed from Rail Car 37
5.5.4 Ozone Generation 37
5.5.5 Ozone Contact Chamber 39
5.5.6 Liquid Alum Feed 39
5.5.7 Dry Alum Feed 40
5.5.8 Polymer Feed 41
5.5.9 Lime Feed 42
5.5.10 Potassium Permanganate Feed (KMNO4) 42
5.5.11 Sulfuric Acid Feed 43
5.5.12 Sodium Hydroxide Feed 43
5.5.13 Ferric Chloride Feed 45
5.14 Anhydrous Ammonia Feed 46
5.5.15 Aqua Ammonia Feed 46
5.5.16 Powdered Activated Carbon 47
5.5.17 Rapid Mix G ¼ 300 48
5.5.18 Rapid Mix G ¼ 600 49
5.5.19 Rapid Mix G ¼ 900 49
5.5.20 Flocculator G ¼ 20 50
5.5.21 Flocculator G ¼ 50 50
5.5.22 Flocculator G ¼ 80 52
5.5.23 Circular Clarifier with 10-Ft Side Water Depth 52
5.5.24 Rectangular Clarifier 53
5.5.25 Gravity Filter Structure 55
5.5.26 Filter Media – Stratified Sand 57
5.5.27 Filter Media – Dual Media 57
5.5.28 Filter Multi-Media 58
5.5.29 Filter Backwash Pumping 58
5.5.30 Surface Wash System 59
5.5.31 Air Scour Wash System 59
5.5.32 Wash Water Surge Basin 60
5.5.33 Filter Waste Wash Water Storage Tank 61
5.5.34 Clearwell Water Storage – Below Ground 62
5.5.35 Finished Water Pumping – TDH – 100 Ft 63
5.5.36 Raw Water Pumping 64
5.5.37 Gravity Sludge Thickener 65
5.5.38 Sludge Dewatering Lagoons 66
5.5.39 Sand Drying Beds 68
5.5.40 Filter Press 69
5.5.41 Belt Filter Press 69
5.5.42 Centrifuge Facility 71
5.5.43 Administration, Laboratory, and Maintenance Building
5.6 Estimating Capital Costs 73
5.7 Estimating Capital Costs of a Conventional Water Treatment Plant 75
5.7.1 Two-Stage Filtration Plant 75
5.7.2 Direct Filtration Plant 80
5.7.3 Conventional Filtration Plant 80
5.7.4 Dissolved Air Flotation Filtration Plant 81
5.7.5 Lime and Soda Ash Filtration Plant 81
5.7.6 Iron and Manganese Removal Plant 82
5.7.7 Micro Membrane Filtration Plant 83
5.7.8 Direct Filtration with Pre-ozone Filtration Plant 84
5.7.9 Conventional Treatment with Ozonation and GAC Filtration Plant 84
5.8 Estimating the Cost of Advanced Water Treatment Plants 86
5.8.1 Reverse Osmosis (RO) Treatment Plant 88
5.8.2 Multiple-Effect Distillation (MED) Treatment Plant 89
5.8.3 Mechanical Vapor Compression (MVC)Treatment Plant 89
5.8.4 Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) Distillation Treatment Plant 90
5.8.5 Ultra-Filtration and Nano-Filtration 91
Chapter 6 Operation and Maintenance Cost Impacts
6.1 Annual Operating and Maintenance Cost 956.2 O&M Cost Curves 96
6.2.1a Two-Stage Filtration 96
6.2.1b Direct Filtration 97
6.2.1c Conventional Treatment 97
6.2.2a Dissolved Air Flotation 98
6.2.2b Lime & Soda Ash Softening 98
6.2.2c Iron Manganese Removal 99
6.2.3a Micro Membrane Filtration 99
6.2.3b Direct Filtration with Pre-Ozonation 100
6.2.3c Conventional Treatment with Ozonation and GAC Filters 100
6.3 Advanced Water Treatment – Seawater Desalination 100
6.3.1 O&M Costs for Reverse Osmosis Treatment 101
6.3.2 O&M Costs for Multi-Stage Flash 101
6.3.3 O&M Costs for Multiple Effect Distillation (MED) Treatment 102
6.3.4 O&M Costs for Mechanical Vapor Compression (MVC) Treatment 102
6.3.5 O&M Costs for Ultra-Filtration and Nano-Filtration 103
Chapter 7 Future Water Supply, Treatment and Distribution
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I am Thomas Britto here to share my experiences in the civil engineering field to all my readers.Today many students are struggling to buy books at high prices. So I decided to start a blog and share my experience and knowledge with all my readers.
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