Water And Wastewater Engineering Design Principles and Practice
Water And Wastewater Engineering Design Principles and Practice
CONTENTS
1 The Design and Construction Processes
1-1 Introduction 1-2
1-2 Project Participants 1-2
1-3 The Professional–Client Relationship and The Code of Ethics 1-3
1-4 Responsible Care 1-9
1-5 Overall Design Process 1-10
1-6 Overall Construction Process 1-19
1-7 Hints from the Field 1-23
1-8 Chapter Review 1-24
1-9 Problems 1-24
1-10 Discussion Questions 1-25
1-11 References 1-26
2 General Water Supply Design Considerations
2-1 Water Demand 2-2
2-2 Water Source Evaluation 2-7
2-3 Water Quality 2-22
2-4 Evaluation of Process Options 2-37
2-5 Plant Sizing and Layout 2-37
2-6 Plant Location 2-39
2-7 Chapter Review 2-39
2-8 Problems 2-40
2-9 Discussion Questions 2-45
2-10 References 2-46
3 Intake Structures
3-1 Introduction 3-2
3-2 Design Elements 3-2
3-3 Design Criteria 3-8
3-4 Operational Considerations 3-31
3-5 Operation and Maintenance 3-34
3-6 Chapter Review 3-35
3-7 Problems 3-36
3-8 Discussion Questions 3-41
3-9 References 3-41
4 Wells
4-1 Introduction 4-2
4-2 Design Elements 4-2
4-3 Well Protection 4-3
4-4 Well Design 4-15
4-5 Chapter Review 4-41
4-6 Problems 4-42
4-7 Discussion Questions 4-51
4-8 References 4-51
5 Chemical Handling and Storage
5-1 Introduction 5-2
5-2 Redundancy and Capacity Provisions 5-2
5-3 Delivery, Handling, and Storage 5-2
5-4 Chemical Feed and Metering Systems 5-7
5-5 Chemical Compatibility 5-14
5-6 Materials Compatibility 5-14
5-7 Designing for Safety and Hazardous Conditions 5-17
5-8 Operation and Maintenance 5-17
5-9 Chapter Review 5-21
5-10 Problems 5-22
5-11 Discussion Questions 5-24
5-12 References 5-25
6 Coagulation and Flocculation
6-1 Introduction 6-2
6-2 Characteristics of Particles 6-3
6-3 Coagulation Theory 6-5
6-4 Coagulation Practice 6-22
6-5 Flocculation Theory 6-23
6-6 Mixing Theory 6-24
6-7 Mixing Practice 6-26
6-8 Operation and Maintenance 6-49
6-9 Chapter Review 6-49
6-10 Problems 6-50
6-11 Discussion Questions 6-57
6-12 References 6-58
7 Lime-Soda Softening
7-1 Hardness 7-2
7-2 Lime-Soda Softening 7-6
7-3 Softening Processes 7-11
7-4 Chemical Dosages Based on Stoichiometry 7-15
7-5 Concurrent Removal of Other Constituents 7-26
7-6 Process Configurations and Design Criteria 7-27
7-7 Operation and Maintenance 7-34
7-8 Stabilization 7-34
7-9 Chapter Review 7-39
7-10 Problems 7-40
7-11 Discussion Questions 7-46
7-12 References 7-47
8 Ion Exchange
8-1 Introduction 8-2
8-2 Fundamental Concepts of Ion Exchange 8-2
8-3 Process Operation 8-10
8-4 Ion Exchange Practice 8-13
8-5 Operation and Maintenance 8-24
8-6 Chapter Review 8-25
8-7 Problems 8-25
8-8 Discussion Question 8-28
8-9 References 8-29
9 Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration
9-1 Introduction 9-2
9-2 Theory 9-3
9-3 Properties of RO and NF Membranes 9-6
9-4 RO and NF Practice 9-8
9-5 Electrodialysis 9-18
9-6 Chapter Review 9-18
9-7 Problems 9-19
9-8 Discussion Question 9-20
9-9 References 9-20
10 Sedimentation
10-1 Introduction 10-2
10-2 Sedimentation Theory 10-2
10-3 Sedimentation Practice 10-20
10-4 Sedimentation Basin Design 10-25
10-5 Operation and Maintenance 10-38
10-6 Chapter Review 10-39
10-7 Problems 10-40
10-8 Discussion Questions 10-43
10-9 References 10-44
11 Granular Filtration
11-1 Introduction 11-2
11-2 An Overview of the Filtration Process 11-2
11-3 Filter Media Characteristics 11-5
11-4 Granular Filtration Theory 11-9
11-5 Theory of Granular Filter Hydraulics 11-12
11-6 Granular Filtration Practice 11-20
11-7 Operation and Maintenance 11-45
11-8 Chapter Review 11-46
11-9 Problems 11-47
11-10 Discussion Questions 11-54
11-11 References 11-55
12 Membrane Filtration
12-1 Introduction 12-2
12-2 Membrane Filtration Theory 12-3
12-3 Properties of MF and UF Membranes 12-7
12-4 MF and UF Practice 12-13
12-5 Chapter Review 12-19
12-6 Problems 12-19
12-7 Discussion Questions 12-21
12-8 References 12-21
13 Disinfection and Fluoridation
13-1 Introduction 13-2
13-2 Disinfection 13-2
13-3 Emergency Disinfection 13-42
13-4 Fluoridation 13-42
13-5 Operation and Maintenance 13-46
13-6 Chapter Review 13-47
13-7 Problems 13-48
13-8 Discussion Questions 13-55
13-9 References 13-55
14 Removal of Specific Constituents
14-1 Introduction 14-2
14-2 Arsenic 14-2
14-3 Carbon Dioxide 14-6
14-4 Fluoride 14-8
14-5 Iron and Manganese 14-11
14-6 Nitrate 14-14
14-7 Natural Organic Material (NOM) 14-15
14-8 Perchlorate 14-18
14-9 Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) 14-20
14-10 Radionuclides 14-21
14-11 Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) 14-22
14-12 Taste and Odor (T&O) 14-31
14-13 Chapter Review 14-36
14-14 Problems 14-37
14-15 Discussion Questions 14-40
14-16 References 14-40
15 Water Plant Residuals Management
15-1 Introduction 15-2
15-2 Solids Computations 15-3
15-3 Solids Production and Characteristics 15-6
15-4 Minimization of Residuals Generation 15-11
15-5 Recovery of Treatment Chemicals 15-13
15-6 Residuals Conveyance 15-15
15-7 Management of Sludges 15-15
15-8 Management of Liquid Residuals 15-44
15-9 Disposal of Specific Residuals Constituents 15-45
15-10 Ultimate Disposal 15-49
15-11 Chapter Review 15-51
15-12 Problems 15-52
15-13 Discussion Questions 15-57
15-14 References 15-58
16 Drinking Water Plant Process Selection and Integration
16-1 Introduction 16-2
16-2 Process Selection 16-2
16-3 Process Integration 16-16
16-4 Security 16-31
16-5 Chapter Review 16-35
16-6 Problems 16-36
16-7 Discussion Questions 16-47
16-8 References 16-47
17 Storage and Distribution Systems
17-1 Introduction 17-2
17-2 Demand Estimates 17-2
17-3 Service Pressures 17-9
17-4 Pipe Network Design 17-10
17-5 Storage Tank Design 17-22
17-6 Pump Selection 17-32
17-7 Network Analysis 17-36
17-8 Sanitary Protection 17-38
17-9 Chapter Review 17-40
17-10 Problems 17-41
17-11 Discussion Questions 17-50
17-12 References 17-51
18 General Wastewater Collection and Treatment Design Considerations
18-1 Wastewater Sources and Flow Rates 18-2
18-2 Wastewater Characteristics 18-7
18-3 Wastewater Treatment Standards 18-11
18-4 Sludge Disposal Regulations 18-14
18-5 Plant Sizing and Layout 18-20
18-6 Plant Location 18-22
18-7 Chapter Review 18-22
18-8 Problems 18-23
18-9 Discussion Questions 18-27
18-10 References 18-28
19 Sanitary Sewer Design
19-1 Introduction 19-2
19-2 Predesign Activities 19-9
19-3 Gravity Sewer Collection System Design 19-9
19-4 Alternatives Sewers 19-28
19-5 Pump Station Design 19-31
19-6 Operation and Maintenance 19-39
19-7 Sewer Safety 19-40
19-8 Chapter Review 19-41
19-9 Problems 19-42
19-10 Discussion Questions 19-48
19-11 References 19-48
20 Headworks and Preliminary Treatment
20-1 Introduction 20-2
20-2 Pump Station 20-2
20-3 Flow Measurement 20-5
20-4 Bar Racks and Screens 20-9
20-5 Coarse Solids Reduction 20-23
20-6 Grit Removal 20-25
20-7 Flow Equalization 20-36
20-8 Alternative Preliminary Process Arrangements 20-46
20-9 Chapter Review 20-47
20-10 Problems 20-48
20-11 Discussion Questions 20-52
20-12 References 20-52
21 Primary Treatment
21-1 Introduction 21-2
21-2 Sedimentation Theory 21-2
21-3 Sedimentation Practice 21-3
21-4 Sedimentation Basin Design 21-6
21-5 Other Primary Treatment Alternatives 21-25
21-6 Chapter Review 21-26
21-7 Problems 21-27
21-8 References 21-30
22 Wastewater Microbiology
22-1 Introduction 22-2
22-2 Role of Microorganisms 22-2
22-3 Classification of Microorganisms 22-2
22-4 Microbial Biochemistry 22-4
22-5 Population Dynamics 22-10
22-6 Decomposition of Waste 22-15
22-7 Microbiology of Secondary Treatment Unit Processes 22-16
22-8 Operation and Maintenance 22-24
22-9 Chapter Review 22-25
22-10 Problems 22-26
22-11 Discussion Questions 22-28
22-12 References 22-28
23 Secondary Treatment by Suspended Growth Biological Processes
23-1 Introduction 23-2
23-2 Processes for BOD Removal and Nitrification 23-2
23-3 Processes for Denitrification 23-8
23-4 Processes for Phosphorus Removal 23-10
23-5 Biological Treatment with Membrane Separation 23-12
23-6 Suspended Growth Design Principles 23-14
23-7 Suspended Growth Design Practice 23-39
23-8 Membrane Bioreactor Design Practice 23-95
23-9 Chapter Review 23-98
23-10 Problems 23-99
23-11 Discussion Questions 23-109
23-12 References 23-113
24 Secondary Treatment by Attached Growth and Hybrid Biological Processes
24-1 Introduction 24-2
24-2 Attached Growth Processes 24-2
24-3 Attached Growth Design Principles 24-4
24-4 Attached Growth Design Practice 24-6
24-5 Hybrid Processes 24-12
24-6 Chapter Review 24-14
24-7 Problems 24-15
24-8 References 24-16
25 Secondary Settling, Disinfection, and Postaeration
25-1 Introduction 25-2
25-2 Secondary Settling 25-2
25-3 Disinfection 25-15
25-4 Postaeration 25-21
25-7 Discussion Questions 25-24
25-8 References 25-25
26 Tertiary Treatment
26-1 Introduction 26-2
26-2 Chemical Precipitation of Phosphorus 26-2
26-3 Granular Filtration 26-5
26-4 Membrane Filtration 26-10
26-5 Carbon Adsorption 26-12
26-6 Chapter Review 26-15
26-7 Problems 26-16
26-8 References 26-17
27 Wastewater Plant Residuals Management
27-1 Sludge Handling Alternatives 27-2
27-2 Sources and Characteristics of Solids and Biosolids 27-3
27-3 Solids Computations 27-6
27-4 Grit Handling and Sludge Pumping 27-11
27-5 Management of Solids 27-17
27-6 Storage and Thickening of Sludges 27-18
27-7 Alkaline Stabilization 27-23
27-8 Aerobic Digestion 27-27
27-9 Anaerobic Digestion 27-33
27-10 Sludge Conditioning 27-52
27-11 Dewatering 27-53
27-12 Alternative Disposal Techniques 27-58
27-13 Land Application and Biosolids 27-59
27-14 Chapter Review 27-60
27-15 Problems 27-61
27-16 References 27-68
28 Clean Water Plant Process Selection and Integration
28-1 Introduction 28-2
28-2 Process Selection 28-2
28-3 Simulation Modeling 28-24
28-4 Process Integration 28-25
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