Geotechnical Engineering

Geotechnical Engineering

CONTENTS 

Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Purpose and Scope of the Book

1  SOIL AND  SOIL MECHANICS   

1.1  Introduction  1
1.2  Development or SoH Mechanics  2
1.3  Fields of Application of Soil mechanics  3
1.4  Soil Formation  4
1.5  Residual and Transported Soils  6
1.6  Some Commonly Used Soil Designations  7
1.7  Structure of Soils  8
1.8  Texture of Soils  9
1.9  Major Soil Deposits of India  9
Summary of Main Points  10
References  10
Questions  11

2  COMPOSITION  OF  SOIL TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS 

2.1  Composition of Soil  12
2.2  Basic Terminology  13
2.3  Certain Important Relationships  17
2.4  Illustrative Examples  21
Summary of Main Points  27
References  27
Questions and Problems  28

3  INDEX PROPERTIES AND  CLASSIFICATION TeSTS  

3.1  Introduction  30
3.2  Soil Colour  30
3.3  Particle Shape  31
3.4  Specific Gravity of Soil Solids  31
3.5  Water Content  34
Density Index  37
In.-Situ Unit Weight  41
Particle Size Distribution (Mechanical Analysis)  45
Consistency of Clay So4a  68
Activity of Clays  71
Unconfined CompreSHion Strength and Senaitivity of Claya  72
Thixotropy of Clays  73
Illustrative Examples  73
Summary of Main Points  sa
References  88
Questions and Problema  89

4  IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS  

4.1  Introduction  92
4.2  Field Identification of Soils  92
4.3  Soil Classification- The Need  94
4.4  Engineering Soil Cla88ificatio n-~l'hle Fe,atures  ~.
4.5  Classification Systems-More Co~on Ones  95
4.6  Illustrative Examples  105
Summary of Main Points  109
References  110
Questions and Problems  110

5  SOIL MOISTURe-PERMEABILITY AND  CAPILLARITY  112 

5.1  Introduction  112
5.2  Soil Moisture and Modes of Occurrence  112
5.3  Neutral and Effective Pressures  11"
5.4  Flow of Water Through Soil-Permeability  116
5.5  Determination of Permeability  121
5.6  Factors Affecting Permeabllity  130
5.7  Values ofPenneability  134
5.B  Permeability of Layered Soils  134
5.9  Capillarity  136
5.10  Illustrative Examples  147
Summary of.Main Points'  160
References  161
Questions and Problems  162

6  SeEPAGE AND  FLOW NETS  

6.1  Introduction  165
6.2  Flow Net for One-dimensional Flow  165
CONTENTS CONTENTS  KY
6.3  Flow Net for Two-Dimensional Flow  168
6.4  Basic Equation for Seepage  172
6.5  Seepage Through Non-Homogeneous and Anisotropic Soil  176
6.6  Top Flow Line in an Earth Dam  178
6.7  Radial Flow Nets  187
6.8  Methods of Obtaining Flow Nets  190
6.9  Quicksand  192
6.10  Seepage Forces  193
6.11  Effective Stress in a Soil Mass Under Seepage  194
6.12  lIlustrative Examples  194
Summary of Main Point8  199
References  199
Questions and Problems  200

7  COMPRESSIBILITY AND CONSOLIDATION OF  SOILS  

7.1  Introduction  202
7.2  Compressibility of Soils  202
7.3  A Mechanistic Model for Consolidation  220
7.4  Ten:agW's Theory of One-dimensional Consolidation  224
7.5  Solution ofTerzaghi's Equation for One-dimensional Consolidation  228
7.6  Graphical Presentation of Consolidation Relationships  231
7.7  Evaluation of Coefficient of Consolidation from Odometer Test Data  234
7.8  Secondary Consolidation  238
7.9  Illustrative Examples  240
Summary of Main Points  248
References  248
Question,; and Problems  249

8  SHEARING STRENGTH OF  SOILS  

8.1  Introduction  253
8.2  Friction  253
8.3  Principal Planes and Principal Stresses-Mohr's Circle  255
8.4  Strength Theories for Soils  260
8.5  Shearing Strength-A Function of Effective Stress  263
8.6  Hvorslev's True Shear Parameters  264
8.7  Types of Shear Tp.sts Basod on Drainage Conditions  265

8  Shearing Strength Tests 

8.9  Pore Pressure Parameters  280
8.10  Stress-Path Approach  282
8.11  Shearing Characteristics of Sand~  285
8.12  Shearing Characteristics of Clays  290 xvi
8.13  lIJustrative Examples  297
Summary of Main Points  312
References  313
Questions and Prob1ems  314

9 STABILITY OF EARTH  SLOPES  

9.1  Introduction  318
9.2  Infinite Slopes  318
9.3  Finite Slopes  325
9.4  Illustrative Examples  342
Summary of Main Points  349
References  350
Questions and Problems  350

10 STRESS DISTRIBUTION  IN  SOIL 

10.1  Introduction  352
10.2  Point Load  353
10.3  Line Load  361
10.4  Strip Load  363
10.5  Uniform Load on Circular Area  366
10.6  Uniform. Load on Rectangular Area  370
10.7  UniConn Load on Irregular Areas-Newmark's Chart  374
10.8  Approximate Methods  377
10.9  lIluMtrative Examples  378
Summary of Main Points  386
References  387
Questions and Problems  388

11  SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS 

1.1  Introduction  390
11.2  Data for Settlement Analysia  390
11.3  Settlement  393
11.4  Corrections to Computed Settlement  399
11.5  Further Factors Affecting Settlement  401
11.6  Other Factors Pertinent to Settlement  .c04-
11.7  Settlement Records  407
11.8  Contact Pressure and Active Zone From Pressure Bulb Concept  407
11.9  Dlustrative ExampJes  411
Summary of Main Points  419
Reference8  420
Quetions and Problems  421

12  COMPACTION OF SOIL  

12.1  Introduction  423
12.2  Compaction Phenomenon  423
12.3  Compaction Test  424
12.4  Saturation (Zero-air-voids) Line  425
12.5  Laboratory Compaction Tests  426
12.6  In-situ or Field Compaction  432
12.7  Compaction of Sand  437
12.8  Compaction versus Consolidation  438
12.9  Illustrative Examples  439
Summary ufMain Points  445
References  446
Questions and Problems  446

13  LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE AND STABILITY OF RETAINING WALLS

13.1  Introduction  449
13.2  Types of Earth-retaining Structures  449
13.3  Lateral Earth Pressures  451
13.4  Earth Pressure at Rest  452
13.5  Earth Pressure Theories  454
13.6  Rankine's Theory  455
13.7  Coulomb's Wedge Theory  470
13.8  Stability Considerations for Retaining Walls  502
13.9  Illustrative Examples  514
Summary of Main Points  536
References  538
Questions and Problems  539

14  BEARING CAPACITY  

14.1  Introduction and Definitions  541
14.2  Bearing Capacity  542
14.3  Methods of Determining Bearing Capacity  543
14.4  Bearing Capacity from Building Codes  543
14.5  Analytical Methods of Determining Bearing Capacity  546
14.6  Effect of Water Table on Bearing Capacity  ,569
14.7  Safe Bearing Capacity  571
14.8  Foundation Settlements  572
14.9  Plate Load Tests  574
14.10  Bearing Capacity from Penetration Tests  579 ·
14.11  Bearing Capacity from Model Tests-Housel's Approach  579
14.12  Bearing Capacity from Laboratory Tests  ~BO
14.13  Bearing Capacity of Sands  580
14.14  Bearing Capacity ofelays  585
14.15  Recommended Practice (1.8)  585
14.16  Illustrative Examples  586
Summary of Main Points  601
References  602
Questions and Problems  S03

15  SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS  

15.1  Introductory Concepts on Foundations  607
15.2  General Types of Foundations  S07
15.3  Choice of Foundation Type and Preliminary Selection  613
15.4  Spread Footings  617
15.5  Strap Footings  630
15.6  Combined Footings  631
15.7  Raft Foundations  634
·15.8  Foundations on Non-uniform Soils  639
15.9  Illustrative Examples  641
Summary of Main Points  647
References  648
Questions and Problems  S49

16  PILE  FOUNDATIONS  

16.1  Introduction  651
16.2  Classification of Piles  651
16.3  Use of Piles  653
16.4  Pile Driving  654
16.5  Pile Capacity  656
16.6  Pile Groups  677
16.7  Settlement of Piles and Pile Groups
16.8  Laterally Loaded Piles  685
16.9  Batter Pites  686
16.10  Design of Pile Foundations  688
l6.11  Construction of Pile Foundation.8  689
16.12  J1Iustrative Examples  689
Summary of Main Points  693
References  694
Questions and Problems  695

17  SOIL STABILISATION  

17.1  Introduction  697
17.2  Clafl!'lification of the Methods of Stabilisation  697
17.3  Stabilisation of Soil Without Additives  69B
17.4  Stabilisation ofSoi1 with Additives  702
17.5  California BcaTing Ratio  710
17.6  Reinforced Earth and Geosynthetics  716
17.7  Illustrative Examples  71B
Summary of Main Points  721
Refercnces  72 1
Questions and Problems  722

18  SOIL  EXPLORATION  

IB.l  Introduction  724
1B.2  Site Investigation  724
18.3  Soil Exploration  726
1B.4  Soil Sampling  732
18.5  Sounding and P.cnetration Tests  738
1B.6  Indirect Methods---Geophysical Methods  746
18.7  The Art of Preparing a Soil Inve~tigation Report  750
IB.8  Illustrative Examples  752
Summary of Main Points  754
References  755
Questions and Problems  756

19  CAISSONS ANO WELL FOUNDATIONS  

19.1  Introduction  758
19.2  DcsignAspccts of Caissons  759
19.3  Open Caissons  763
19.4  Pneumatic Caissons  764
19.5  Floating Caissons  766
19.6 .  Construction Aspects of Caissons  768
19.7  Illustrative Examples on Caissons  770
19.8  Well Foundations  775
19.9  Design Aspects of Well Foundations  778
19.10  Lateral StabilityofWeU Foundations  789
19.11  Construction Aspects ofWel1 Foundations  802
19.12  Illustrative Examples on Well Foundations  805
Summary of Main Points  808
References  809
Questions and Problems  810

20  ELEMENTS OF  SOIL DYNAMICS ANO  MACHINE FOUNDATIONS  

20.1  Introduction  812
20.2  Fundamentals of Vibration  815
20.3  Fundamentals of Soil Dynamics  828
20.4  Machine Foundations-Special Features  840
20.5  Foundations for Reciprocating Machines  846
20.6  Foundations for Impact Machines  849
20.7  Vibration Isolation  858
20.8  construction Aspects of Machine Foundations  862
20.9  illustrative Examples  863
Summary of Main Points  873
References  874
Questions and Problems  875
Answers to NumeriCal Problems  877
Objective Questions  880

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