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Steel Structures Design

Steel Structures Design


Contents

Steel Buildings and Design Criteria  

  1.1  Introduction      1
  1.2  Types of Steel Buildings     5
  1.3  Building Codes and Design Criteria   .   8
  1.4  ASD and LRFD Concepts      9

Design Loads   

  2.1  Introduction      15
  2.2  Dead Loads     16
  Tributary Area     16
  Slab Supports   .   16
  Dead Load Applied to Beams     17
  Dead Load Applied to Girders   .   19
  Dead Load Applied to Columns Two-Way Slabs   .   24
  2.3  Live Loads     25
  Continuous Beam Systems     25
  Influence Area      26
  Reduction in Floor Live Load     27
  Reduction in Roof Live Load     31
  Combined Dead and Live Load      33
  2.4  Snow Loads       34
  Flat Roof     34
  Ground Snow Load   .   34
  Flat Roof Snow Load     34
  Exposure Factor   .   35
  Thermal Factor   .   35
  Importance Factor   .   35
  Rain-on-Snow Surcharge Load   .   36
  Snow Drifts on Lower Roofs   .   38
  Leeward Snow Drifts     38
  Windward Snow Drifts    .   42
  Sloped Roof Snow Load    .   44
  Slope Factor      45
  Warm Roof Slope Factor      45
  Cold Roof Slope Factor     45
v  Unbalanced Snow Load for Hip and Gable Roofs       46
  Unbalanced Snow Load for Gable Roof with 
  W Ä 20 ft   .   47
  Unbalanced Snow Load for Gable Roof with 
  W > 20 ft     48
  Sliding Snow   .   51
  Snow Load on Continuous Beam Systems     54
  2.5  Soil Lateral Load     55
  Earth Pressure at Rest     55
  2.6  Flood Loads      55
  Loads during Flooding     55
  Hydrostatic Loads   .   55
  Hydrodynamic Loads      55
  Wave Loads      56
  Impact Loads   .   56
  2.7  Rain Loads     56
  Design Rain Loads     56
  Ponding Instability     57
  2.8  Wind Loads      57
  Exposure Category     59
  Basic Wind Speed   .   59
  Low-Rise Building     61
  Regular Building     61
  Simple Diaphragm Building   .   61
  Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient   .   61
  Site Topography     61
  Directionality Factor   .   62
  Velocity Pressure     62
  ASCE 7 Chapter 28 Part 1—Envelope Procedure    .   63
  Rigidity of the Structure    .   64
  Gust Effect Factor   .   64
  Enclosure Classifications       64
  Design Wind Pressure on MWFRS for Low-Rise, 
  Rigid Buildings   .   65
  Design Wind Pressure on Components and Cladding   .   67
  Design of Components and Cladding Using ASCE 7 
  Sec. 30.4      68
  IBC Alternate All-Heights Method     71
  Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient   .   72
  Topography Factor     72
  Wind Stagnation Pressure    .   72
  Wind Importance Factor      73
  Net-Pressure Coefficient      73
  Design Wind Pressure on MWFRS: IBC Alternate 
  All-Heights Method      73
  Design Wind Pressure on Components and Cladding: 
  IBC Alternate All-Heights Method    .   76
  2.9  Seismic Loads    .   78
  Ground Motion Parameters    80
  Site Classification Characteristics    .   80
  Site Coefficients    .   80
  Adjusted Earthquake Response Accelerations   .   81
  Design Response Acceleration Parameters     81
  Occupancy Category and Importance Factors   .   83
  Seismic Design Category      83
  Seismic Force-Resisting System     85
  Response Modification Coefficient      86
  Fundamental Period of Vibration   .   89
  Seismic Response Coefficient     89
  Effective Seismic Weight      92
  Seismic Base Shear     93
  Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces   .   93
  Diaphragm Loads   .   95
  Flexible Diaphragms     96
  Anchorage of Structural Walls to Diaphragms   .   99
  Rigid Diaphragms   .   104
  Lateral Design Force on Structural Walls   .   109
  Lateral Design Force on Parapets   .   109
  Redundancy Factor     110
2.10  Load Combinations     114
  Strength Design Load Combinations    .   115
  Allowable Stress Load Combinations      117
  Strength Design Special Load Combinations     119
  Allowable Stress Design Special Load Combinations     120
2.11  Serviceability Criteria     120
  Deflection       121
  Drift     121
  Vibration     122
  Durability      122

Behavior of Steel Structures under Design Loads 

  3.1  Introduction      129
  3.2  Gravity Load-Resisting Systems     129
  Simple Connections    .   129
  Fully Restrained (FR) Moment Connections     135
  Partially Restrained (PR) Moment Connections      140
  3.3  Lateral Load-Resisting Systems     144
  Diaphragms      144
  Collectors      145
  Steel Deck Diaphragms    .   151
  Frames Subjected to Lateral Forces      156  3.4  Approximate Methods for Laterally Loaded Frames    .   160
  Portal Method     160
  Cantilever Method     163

Design of Steel Beams in Flexure

  4.1  Introduction      171
  Flexural Limit States   .   171
  Lateral Bracing of Beams      172
  Design Flexural Strength and Allowable Flexural Strength    .   173
  4.2  Plastic Moment of Resistance     175
  Shape Factor and ASD      176
  Built-Up Sections    177
  4.3  Compact, Noncompact, and Slender Sections   .   179
  Compact Section     179
  Noncompact Section      181
  Slender Section   .   182
  4.4  Lateral-Torsional Buckling Modification Factor      182
  4.5  Lateral-Torsional Buckling    .   185
  Plastic Mode: L
  4.6  Weak Axis Bending     191
  Compact Flanges     191
  Noncompact Flanges     192
  4.7  Biaxial Bending   .   194
  Overhead Traveling Bridge Crane      195
  4.8  Singly Symmetric Sections in Bending      198
  Plastic Mode   .   199
  Lateral-Torsional Buckling     199
  Flange Local Buckling      199
  Stem Local Buckling   .   200
  4.9  Redistribution of Bending Moments in Continuous Beams   .   201
4.10  Deflection Limits      204

Design of Steel Beams for Shear and Torsion 

  5.1  Introduction      209
  5.2  Shear in Beam Webs   .   211
  Web Yielding   .   212
  Inelastic Buckling   .   214
  Elastic Buckling   .   216
  5.3  Weak Axis Shear     218
  5.4  Longitudinal Shear in Built-Up Sections      219
  5.5   Block Shear      221
  Block Shear Strength for Bolted Connections     222
  Effective Bolt Hole Diameter and Net Area   .   223
  Block Shear Strength for Welded Connections   .   225
  Block Shear Strength for Coped Beams   .   226
  5.6  Web Local Yielding     228
  Bearing on Concrete   .   229
  Web Yielding at Support      231
  Web Yielding at Girder Interior     233
  5.7  Web Crippling      234
  5.8  Web Sidesway Buckling     235
  5.9  Design for Torsion   .   237
  Torsion in Closed Sections   .   237
  Torsion in Open Sections      238
  Specification Provisions     .   239
  Round HSS Subject to Torsion   .   240
  Rectangular HSS Subject to Torsion      241
  W-Shape Subject to Torsion     244

Design of Compression Members

  6.1  Introduction      255
  Compression Limit State      255
  6.2  Effective Length   .   257
  Tabulated Factors   .   257
  6.3  Alignment Charts    .   259
  Alignment Chart for Braced Frame      260
  Alignment Chart for Sway Frame     261
  Stiffness Reduction Factors     263
  6.4  Axially Loaded Compression Members    .   264
  Flexural Buckling of Members without Slender 
  Elements    .   264
  Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Members 
  without Slender Elements   .   268
  Single Angle Compression Members without Slender 
  Elements    .   271
  Members with Slender Elements   .   273
  6.5  Built-Up Sections     279
  6.6  Column Base Plates     282
  Concrete Footing Capacity     282
  Base Plate Thickness   .   285
  6.7  Column Flanges with Concentrated Forces     287
  Introduction      287
  Flange Local Bending     287
  Web Compression Buckling   .   290
  Web Panel Zone Shear      292x  C o n t e n t s
  Transverse Stiffener Requirements     296
  Doubler Plate Requirements   .   300

Stability of Frames 

  7.1  Introduction      307
  Beam-Columns   .   307
  Second-Order Effects     308
  7.2  Design for Combined Forces   .   310
  7.3  Stability Analysis     312
  Approximate Second-Order Analysis      312
  Stability Analysis Procedures     316

Design by Inelastic Analysis

  8.1  Introduction      333
  General Principles   .   333
  Ductility     334
  8.2  Plastic Moment of Resistance     334
  8.3  Plastic Hinge Formation     336
  8.4  Design Requirements     337
  Local Buckling     337
  Unbraced Length   .   338
  Limiting Axial Load   .   338
  8.5  Analysis Requirements   .   339
  Geometric Imperfections      339
  Residual Stress and Partial Yielding Effects   .   339
  Material Properties and Yield Criteria      340
  8.6  Statical Method of Design    .   340
  8.7  Mechanism Method of Design    344
  Linear Elastic-Plastic Response Curve    .   347
  8.8  Static Equilibrium Check      349
  8.9  Beam-Column Design     351

Design of Tension Members

  9.1  Introduction      359
  9.2  Tensile Strength   .   359
  9.3  Effective Net Area   .   360
  Plates with Bolted Connection   .   361
  Plates with Welded Connection     364
  Rolled Sections with Bolted Connection     365
  Rolled Sections with Welded Connection   .   368C o n t e n t s   xi
  Round Hollow Structural Sections with Welded 
  Connection   .   369
  9.4  Pin-Connected Members      372
  Dimensional Requirements     372
  Limit States      373
  9.5  Design of Eyebars   .   375
  Dimensional Requirements     375
  9.6  Design for Fatigue   .   378
  Design Procedure   .   379

Design of Bolted Connections 

10.1  Introduction      387
  Bolt Types      387
  Bolt Installation   .   387
  Connection Types   .   388
10.2  Snug-Tight Bolts in Shear and Bearing      390
  Bolt Spacing      390
  Shear Strength     391
  Bearing Strength     392
10.3  Snug-Tight Bolts in Shear and Tension      397
  Bolts in Tension Only     397
  Bolts in Combined Tension and Shear      397
10.4  Slip-Critical Bolts in Shear and Tension    .   400
  Bolts in Shear Only     400
  Bolts in Combined Shear and Tension      404
10.5  Prying Action    .   406
10.6  Bolt Group Eccentrically Loaded in Plane of Faying Surface     410
  Elastic Unit Area Method     410
  Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method     413
10.7  Bolt Group Eccentrically Loaded Normal to the 
      Faying Surface     415

Design of Welded Connections

11.1  Introduction      423
  The Welding Process   .   423
  Welding Applications     423
  Quality Assurance   .   424
  Weld Metal Strength   .   424
11.2  Weld Types     425
  Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds     425
  Partial Joint Penetration Groove Welds   .   425
  Fillet Welds       427xii  C o n t e n t s
11.3  Available Strength of Fillet Welds   .   432
  Summary      432
  Linear Weld Group Loaded through the Center of Gravity    432
  Weld Group with Concentric Loading    .   433
11.4  Weld Group Eccentrically Loaded in Plane of Faying
      Surface     435
  Elastic Vector Analysis     .   435
  Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method      439
11.5  Weld Group Eccentrically Loaded Normal to Faying 
        Surface     442
  Elastic Vector Analysis     .   442
  Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method      445

 Plate Girders 

12.1  Introduction      451
12.2  Girder Proportions     452
  Girder Depth   .   452
  Flange Area      452
  Flange Width   .   453
  Flange Thickness     453
  Web Thickness     453
  Intermediate Transverse Stiffeners     453
12.3  Postbuckling Strength of the Web   .   454
12.4  Design for Shear with Unstiffened Web    .   455
12.5  Design for Shear with Stiffened Web: Tension Field 
       Action Excluded     457
12.6  Design for Shear with Stiffened Web: Tension Field 
       Action Included   .   459
12.7  Design of Transverse Stiffeners   .   460
  Tension Field Action Excluded   .   460
  Tension Field Action Included   .   462
12.8  Flexural Design of Plate Girders     464
  Compression Flange Yielding     464
  Lateral-Torsional Buckling     465
  Compression Flange Local Buckling    .   466
  Tension Flange Yielding    .   467
12.9  Design of Bearing Stiffeners      469

Composite Members

13.1  Introduction      477
13.2  Encased Composite Columns     479
  Limitations    .   479
  Compressive Strength      479
  Load Transfer   .   483C o n t e n t s   xiii
13.3  Filled Composite Columns      486
  Limitations    .   486
  Slenderness Limits     487
  Compressive Strength      487
  Load Transfer   .   490
13.4  Encased Composite Beams   .   493
13.5  Composite Beam with Flat Soffit Concrete Slab      494
  Effective Slab Width   .   495
  Nominal Strength   .   495
  Fully Composite and Partially Composite Beams    .   495
  Nominal Strength of Fully Composite Beam with PNA in 
  Concrete Slab   .   497
  Design Tables      500
  Shored and Unshored Construction     502
  Composite Beam Deflection    .   505
  Negative Flexural Strength     506
  Steel Headed Stud Anchors in Composite Beam with 
  Flat Soffit Concrete Slab    .   508
  Steel Headed Stud Anchors in Composite Section 
  with Concentrated Loads    512
13.6  Formed Steel Deck with Ribs Perpendicular to Beams   .   514
  Requirements   .   514
  Steel Headed Stud Anchors in Formed Steel Deck with 
  Ribs Perpendicular to Beam   .   516
13.7  Formed Steel Deck with Ribs Parallel to Beams     519
  Requirements   .   519
  Steel Headed Stud Anchors in Formed Steel Deck 
  with Ribs Parallel to Beam   .   520


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About Author:

I am Thomas Britto here to share my experiences in the civil engineering field to all my readers.Today many students are struggling to buy books at high prices. So I decided to start a blog and share my experience and knowledge with all my readers.


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