Structural Dynamics and Vibration in Practice Engineering Handbook

Structural Dynamics and Vibration in Practice Engineering Handbook

Contents

Preface xiii

Acknowledgements xv

Chapter 1   Basic Concepts 1

1.1   Statics, dynamics and structural dynamics 1

1.2   Coordinates, displacement, velocity and acceleration 1

1.3   Simple harmonic motion 2

1.3.1   Time history representation 3

1.3.2   Complex exponential representation 5

1.4   Mass, stiffness and damping 7

1.4.1   Mass and inertia 7

1.4.2   Stiffness 10

1.4.3   Stiffness and flexibility matrices 12

1.4.4   Damping 14

1.5   Energy methods in structural dynamics 16

1.5.1   Rayleigh’s energy method 17

1.5.2   The principle of virtual work 19

1.5.3   Lagrange’s equations 21

1.6   Linear and non-linear systems 23

1.7   Systems of units 23

1.7.1   Absolute and gravitational systems 24

1.7.2   Conversion between systems 26

1.7.3   The SI system 27

References 28

Chapter 2   The Linear Single Degree of Freedom System: Classical Methods       29

2.1   Setting up the differential equation of motion 29

2.1.1   Single degree of freedom system with force input 29

2.1.2   Single degree of freedom system with base motion input 33

2.2   Free response of single-DOF systems by direct solution of the equation

of motion 34

2.3   Forced response of the system by direct solution of the equation of motion  38

Chapter 3   The Linear Single Degree of Freedom System: Response

in the Time Domain 45

3.1   Exact analytical methods 46

3.1.1   The Laplace transform method 46

3.1.2   The convolution or Duhamel integral 50

3.1.3   Listings of standard responses 53

3.2   ‘Semi-analytical’ methods 55

3.2.1   Impulse response method 56

3.2.2   Straight-line approximation to input function 56

3.2.3   Superposition of standard responses 56

3.3   Step-by-step numerical methods using approximate derivatives 59

3.3.1   Euler method 60

3.3.2   Modified Euler method 62

3.3.3   Central difference method 62

3.3.4   The Runge–Kutta method 65

3.3.5   Discussion of the simpler finite difference methods 69

3.4   Dynamic factors 70

3.4.1   Dynamic factor for a square step input 70

3.5   Response spectra 72

3.5.1   Response spectrum for a rectangular pulse 72

3.5.2   Response spectrum for a sloping step 74

References 76

Chapter 4   The Linear Single Degree of Freedom System: Response

in the Frequency Domain 77

4.1   Response of a single degree of freedom system with applied force 77

4.1.1   Response expressed as amplitude and phase 77

4.1.2   Complex response functions 81

4.1.3   Frequency response functions 83

4.2   Single-DOF system excited by base motion 86

4.2.1   Base excitation, relative response 87

4.2.2   Base excitation: absolute response 91

4.3   Force transmissibility 93

4.4   Excitation by a rotating unbalance 94

4.4.1   Displacement response 95

4.4.2   Force transmitted to supports 96

References 97

Chapter 5   Damping 99

5.1   Viscous and hysteretic damping models 99

5.2   Damping as an energy loss 103

5.2.1   Energy loss per cycle – viscous model 103

5.2.2   Energy loss per cycle – hysteretic model 104

5.2.3   Graphical representation of energy loss 105

5.2.4   Specific damping capacity 106

5.3   Tests on damping materials 108

Contents5.4   Quantifying linear damping 108

5.4.1   Quality factor, Q 108

5.4.2   Logarithmic decrement 109

5.4.3   Number of cycles to half amplitude 110

5.4.4   Summary table for linear damping 111

5.5   Heat dissipated by damping 112

5.6   Non-linear damping 112

5.6.1   Coulomb damping 113

5.6.2   Square law damping 113

5.7   Equivalent linear dampers 114

5.7.1   Viscous equivalent for coulomb damping 115

5.7.2   Viscous equivalent for square law damping 116

5.7.3   Limit cycle oscillations with square-law damping 117

5.8   Variation of damping and natural frequency in structures with

amplitude and time 117

Chapter 6   Introduction to Multi-degree-of-freedom Systems 119

6.1   Setting up the equations of motion for simple, undamped,

multi-DOF systems 119

6.1.1   Equations of motion from Newton’s second law

and d’Alembert’s principle 120

6.1.2   Equations of motion from the stiffness matrix 120

6.1.3   Equations of motion from Lagrange’s equations 121

6.2   Matrix methods for multi-DOF systems 122

6.2.1   Mass and stiffness matrices: global coordinates 122

6.2.2   Modal coordinates 126

6.2.3   Transformation from global to modal coordinates 127

6.3   Undamped normal modes 132

6.3.1   Introducing eigenvalues and eigenvectors 132

6.4   Damping in multi-DOF systems 142

6.4.1   The damping matrix 142

6.4.2   Damped and undamped modes 143

6.4.3   Damping inserted from measurements 144

6.4.4   Proportional damping 145

6.5   Response of multi-DOF systems by normal mode summation 147

6.6   Response of multi-DOF systems by direct integration 155

6.6.1   Fourth-order Runge–Kutta method for multi-DOF systems 156

Chapter 7   Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 159

7.1   The eigenvalue problem in standard form 159

7.1.1   The modal matrix 161

7.2   Some basic methods for calculating real eigenvalues and eigenvectors   162

7.2.1   Eigenvalues from the roots of the characteristic equation

and eigenvectors by Gaussian elimination 162

7.2.2   Matrix iteration 165

7.2.3   Jacobi diagonalization 168

Contents ix7.3   Choleski factorization 177

7.4   More advanced methods for extracting real eigenvalues and eigenvectors  178

7.5   Complex (damped) eigenvalues and eigenvectors 179

References 180

Chapter 8   Vibration of Structures 181

8.1   A historical view of structural dynamics methods 181

8.2   Continuous systems 182

8.2.1   Vibration of uniform beams in bending 182

8.2.2   The Rayleigh–Ritz method: classical and modern 189

8.3   Component mode methods 194

8.3.1   Component mode synthesis 195

8.3.2   The branch mode method 208

8.4   The finite element method 213

8.4.1   An overview 213

8.4.2   Equations of motion for individual elements 221

8.5   Symmetrical structures 234

References 235

Chapter 9   Fourier Transformation and Related Topics 237

9.1   The Fourier series and its developments 237

9.1.1   Fourier series 237

9.1.2   Fourier coefficients in magnitude and phase form 243

9.1.3   The Fourier series in complex notation 245

9.1.4   The Fourier integral and Fourier transforms 246

9.2   The discrete Fourier transform 247

9.2.1   Derivation of the discrete Fourier transform 248

9.2.2   Proprietary DFT codes 255

9.2.3   The fast Fourier transform 256

9.3   Aliasing 256

9.4   Response of systems to periodic vibration 260

9.4.1   Response of a single-DOF system to a periodic input force 261

References 265

Chapter 10   Random Vibration 267

10.1  Stationarity, ergodicity, expected and average values 267

10.2  Amplitude probability distribution and density functions 270

10.2.1   The Gaussian or normal distribution 274

10.3  The power spectrum 279

10.3.1   Power spectrum of a periodic waveform 279

10.3.2   The power spectrum of a random waveform 281

10.4  Response of a system to a single random input 286

10.4.1   The frequency response function 286

10.4.2   Response power spectrum in terms of the input

power spectrum 287

10.4.3   Response of a single-DOF system to a broadband

random input 288

10.4.4   Response of a multi-DOF system to a single

broad-band random input 296

10.5  Correlation functions and cross-power spectral density functions 299

10.5.1   Statistical correlation 299

10.5.2   The autocorrelation function 300

10.5.3   The cross-correlation function 302

10.5.4   Relationships between correlation functions and power

spectral density functions 303

10.6  The response of structures to random inputs 305

10.6.1   The response of a structure to multiple random inputs 305

10.6.2   Measuring the dynamic properties of a structure 307

10.7  Computing power spectra and correlation functions using the discrete

Fourier transform 310

10.7.1   Computing spectral density functions 312

10.7.2   Computing correlation functions 314

10.7.3   Leakage and data windows 317

10.7.4   Accuracy of spectral estimates from random data 318

10.8  Fatigue due to random vibration 320

10.8.1   The Rayleigh distribution 321

10.8.2   The S–N diagram 322

References 324

Chapter 11   Vibration Reduction 325

11.1  Vibration isolation 326

11.1.1   Isolation from high environmental vibration 326

11.1.2   Reducing the transmission of vibration forces 332

11.2  The dynamic absorber 332

11.2.1   The centrifugal pendulum dynamic absorber 336

11.3  The damped vibration absorber 338

11.3.1   The springless vibration absorber 342

References 345

Chapter 12   Introduction to Self-Excited Systems 347

12.1  Friction-induced vibration 347

12.1.1   Small-amplitude behavior 347

12.1.2   Large-amplitude behavior 349

12.1.3   Friction-induced vibration in aircraft landing gear 350

12.2  Flutter 353

12.2.1   The bending-torsion flutter of a wing 354

12.2.2   Flutter equations 358

12.2.3   An aircraft flutter clearance program in practice 360

12.3  Landing gear shimmy 362

References 366

Chapter 13   Vibration testing 367

13.1  Modal testing 368

13.1.1   Theoretical basis 368

13.1.2   Modal testing applied to an aircraft 369

13.2  Environmental vibration testing 373

13.2.1   Vibration inputs 373

13.2.2   Functional tests and endurance tests 374

13.2.3   Test control strategies 375

13.3  Vibration fatigue testing in real time 376

13.4  Vibration testing equipment 377

13.4.1   Accelerometers 377

13.4.2   Force transducers 378

13.4.3   Exciters 378

References 385

Appendix A   A Short Table of Laplace Transforms 387

Appendix B   Calculation of Flexibility Influence Coefficients 389

Appendix C   Acoustic Spectra 393

Index 397

About Author:

I am Thomas Britto here to share my experiences in the civil engineering field to all my readers.Today many students are struggling to buy books at high prices. So I decided to start a blog and share my experience and knowledge with all my readers.

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