Geotechnical Engineering Book
Geotechnical Engineering Book
CONTENTS
Preface to the Third
Edition i
Preface to the First
Edition ii
Purpose and Scope of
the Book iv
1 SOIL AND
SOIL MECHANICS 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Development or SoH Mechanics 2
1.3 Fields of Application of Soil
mechanics 3
1.4 Soil Formation 4
1.5 Residual and Transported Soils 6
1.6 Some Commonly Used Soil Designations 7
1.7 Structure of Soils 8
1.8 Texture of Soils 9
1.9 Major Soil Deposits of India 9
Summary of Main
Points 10
References 10
Questions 11
2 COMPOSITION
OF SOIL TERMINOLOGY AND
DEFINITIONS 12
2.1 Composition of Soil 12
2.2 Basic Terminology 13
2.3 Certain Important Relationships 17
2.4 Illustrative Examples 21
Summary of Main
Points 27
References 27
Questions and
Problems 28
3 INDEX PROPERTIES AND
CLASSIFICATION TeSTS 30
3.1 Introduction 30
3.2 Soil Colour 30
3.3 Particle Shape 31
3.4 Specific Gravity of Soil Solids 31
3.5 Water Content 34
xIII xlv
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
·3.12
3.13
Density Index 37
In.-Situ Unit Weight
41
Particle Size
Distribution (Mechanical Analysis) 45
Consistency of Clay
So4a 68
Activity of Clays 71
Unconfined CompreSHion
Strength and Senaitivity of Claya 72
Thixotropy of
Clays 73
Illustrative
Examples 73
Summary of Main
Points sa
References 88
Questions and
Problema 89
4 IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS
92
4.1 Introduction 92
4.2 Field Identification of Soils 92
4.3 Soil Classification- The Need
94
4.4 Engineering Soil Cla88ification-~l'hle
Fe,atures ~.
4.5 Classification Systems-More Co~on
Ones 95
4.6 Illustrative Examples 105
Summary of Main
Points 109
References 110
Questions and
Problems 110
5 SOIL MOISTURe-PERMEABILITY AND CAPILLARITY
112
5.1 Introduction 112
5.2 Soil Moisture and Modes of
Occurrence 112
5.3 Neutral and Effective Pressures 11"
5.4 Flow of Water Through
Soil-Permeability 116
5.5 Determination of Permeability 121
5.6 Factors Affecting Permeabllity 130
5.7 Values ofPenneability 134
5.B Permeability of Layered Soils 134
*5.9 Capillarity 136
5.10 Illus trative Examples 147
Summary of.Main
Points' 160
References 161
Questions and
Problems 162
6 SeEPAGE AND
FLOW' NETS 165
6.1 Introduction 165
6.2 Flow Net for One-dimensional Flow 165
CONTENTS CONTENTS KY
6.3 Flow Net for Two-Dimensional Flow 168
6.4 Basic Equation for Seepage 172
*6.5 Seepage Through Non-Homogeneous and
Anisotropic Soil 176
6.6 Top Flow Line in an Earth Dam 178
*6.7 Radial Flow Nets 187
6.8 Methods of Obtaining Flow Nets 190
6.9 Quicksand 192
6.10 Seepage Forces 193
6.11 Effective Stress in a Soil Mass Under
Seepage 194
6.12 lIlustrative Examples 194
Summary of Main
Point8 199
References 199
Questions and
Problems 200
7 COMPRESSIBILITY AND CONSOLIDATION OF SOILS
202
7.1 Introduction 202
7.2 Compressibility of Soils 202
7.3 A Mechanistic Model for
Consolidation 220
7.4 Ten:agW's Theory of One-dimensional
Consolidation 224
7.5 Solution ofTerzaghi's Equation for
One-dimensional Consolidation 228
7.6 Graphical Presentation of Consolidation
Relationships 231
7.7 Evaluation of Coefficient of
Consolidation from Odometer Test Data
234
*7.8 Secondary Consolidation 238
7.9 Illustrative Examples 240
Summary of Main
Points 248
References 248
Question,; and
Problems 249
8 SHEARING STRENGTH OF
SOILS 253
8.1 Introduction 253
8.2 Friction
253
8.3 Principal Planes and Principal
Stresses-Mohr's Circle 255
8.4 Strength Theories for Soils 260
8.5 Shearing Strength-A Function of Effective
Stress 263
*8.6 Hvorslev's True Shear Parameters 264
8.7 Types of Shear Tp.sts Basod on Drainage
Conditions 265
B.8 Shearing Strength Tests 266
*8.9 Pore Pressure Parameters 280
*8.10 Stress-Path Approach 282
8.11 Shearing Characteristics of Sand~ 285
8.12 Shearing Characteristics of Clays 290 xvi
9
10
8.13 lIJustrative Examples 297
Summary of Main
Points 312
References 313
Questions and
Prob1ems 314
STABILITY OF EARTH SLOPES
318
9. 1 Introduction 318
9.2 Infinite Slopes 318
9.3 Finite Slopes 325
9.4 Illustrative Examples 342
Summary of Main
Points 349
References 350
Questions and
Problems 350
STRESS DISTRIBUTION
IN SOIL
10.1 Introduction 352
10.2 Point Load
353
10.3 Line Load
361
10.4 Strip Load
363
352
10.5 Uniform Load on Circular Area 366
10.6 Uniform. Load on Rectangular Area 370
10.7 UniConn Load on Irregular Areas-Newmark's
Chart 374
10.8 Approximate Methods 377
10.9 lIluMtrative Examples 378
Summary of Main
Points 386
References 387
Questions and
Problems 388
11 SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS 390
1.1 Introduction 390
11.2 Data for Settlement Analysia 390
11.3 Settlement
393
· 11.4 Corrections to Computed Settlement 399
· 11.5 Further Factors Affecting Settlement 401
11.6 Other Factors Pertinent to Settlement .c04-
11.7 Settlement Records 407
11.8 Contact Pressure and Active Zone From
Pressure Bulb Concept 407
11.9 Dlustrative ExampJes 411
Summary of Main
Points 419
Reference8 420
Que8tions and
Problems 421 CONTENTS
12 COMPACTION
OF SOIL 423
12.1 Introduction 423
12.2 Compaction Phenomenon 423
12.3 Compaction Test 424
12.4 Saturation (Zero-air-voids) Line 425
12.5 Laboratory Compaction Tests 426
12.6 In-situ or Field Compaction 432
*12.7 Compaction of Sand 437
12.8 Compaction versus Consolidation 438
12.9 Illustrative Examples 439
Summary ufMain
Points 445
References 446
Questions and
Problems 446
xvii
13 LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE AND STABILITY OF RETAINING WALLS 449
13.1 Introduction 449
13.2 Types of Earth-retaining Structures 449
13.3 Lateral Earth Pressures 451
13.4 Earth Pressure at Rest 452
13.5 Earth Pressure Theories 454
13.6 Rankine's Theory 455
13.7 Coulomb's Wedge Theory 470
13.8 Stability Considerations for Retaining
Walls 502
13.9 Illustrative Examples 514
Summary of Main
Points 536
References 538
Questions and
Problems 539
14 BEARING CAPACITY 541
14.1 Introduction and Definitions 541
14.2 Bearing Capacity 542
14.3 Methods of Determining Bearing
Capacity 543
14.4 Bearing Capacity from Building Codes 543
14.5 Analytical Methods of Determining Bearing
Capacity 546
14.6 Effect of Water Table on Bearing
Capacity ,569
14.7 Safe Bearing Capacity 571
14.8 Foundation Settlements 572
14.9 Plate Load Tests 574
·14.10 Bearing Capacity from Penetration Tests 579 ·
·14.11 Bearing Capacity from Model Tests-Housel's
Approach 579 xvIII
14.12 Bearing Capacity from Laboratory Tests ~BO
14.13 Bearing Capacity of Sands 580
14.14 Bearing Capacity ofelays 585
14.15 Recommended Practice (1.8) 585
14.16 Illustrative Examples 586
Summary of Main
Points 601
References 602
Questions and
Problems S03
15 SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS 607
15.1 Introductory Concepts on Foundations 607
15.2 General Types of Foundations S07
15.3 Choice of Foundation Type and Preliminary
Selection 613
15.4 Spread Footi ngs 617
15.5 Strap Footings 630
15.6 Combined Footings 631
15.7 Raft Foundations 634
·15.8 Foundations on Non-uniform Soils 639
15.9 Illustrative Examples 641
Summary of Main
Points 647
References 648
Questions and
Problems S49
16 PILE
FOUNDATIONS 651
16.1 In troduction 651
16.2 Classification of Piles 651
16.3 Use of Piles 653
16.4 Pile Driving 654
16.5 Pile Capaci ty 656
16.6 Pile Groups 677
16.7 Settlement of Piles and Pile Groups
· 16.8 Laterally Loaded Piles 685
*16.9 Batter Pites 686
16.10 Design of Pile Foundations 688
683
l S.11 Construction of Pile Foundation.8 689
16.12 J1I ustrative Examples 689
Summary of Main
Points 693
References 694
Questions and
Problems 695
CONTENTS CONTENTS
17 SOIL STABILISATION 697
17.1 Introduction 697
17.2 Clafl!'lification of the Methods of
Stabilisation 697
17.3 Stabilisation of Soil Without
Additives 69B
17.4 Stabilisation ofSoi1 with Additives 702
17.5 California BcaTing Ratio 710
"' 17.6 Reinforced Earth and Geosynthetics 716
17.7 Illustrative Examples 71B
Summary of Main
Points 721
Refercnces 72 1
Questions and
Problems 722
18 SOIL
EXPLORATION 724
IB.l Introduction 724
1B.2 Site Investigation 724
18.3 Soil Exploration 726
1B.4 Soil Sampling 732
18.5 Sounding and P.cnetration Tests 738
1B.6 Indirect Methods---Geophysical Methods 746
18.7 The Art of Preparing a Soil Inve~tigation
Report 750
IB.8 Illustrative Examples 752
Summary of Main
Points 754
References 755
Questions and
Problems 756
19 CAISSONS ANO
WELL FOUNOATIONS .758
19.1 Introduction 758
19.2 DcsignAspccts of Caissons 759
19.3 Open Caissons 763
19.4 Pneumatic Caissons 764
19.5 Floating Caissons 766
19.6 . Construction Aspects of Caissons 768
19.7 Illustrative Examples on Caissons 770
19.8 Well Foundations 775
19.9 Design Aspects of Well Foundati?ns 778
· 19.10 Lateral StabilityofWeU Foundations 789
19.11 Construction Aspects ofWel1 Foundations 802
19.12 Illustrative Examples on Well Foundations
805
Summary of Main
Points 808
References 809
Questions and P
roblems 810
xix xx CONTENTS
20 ELEMENTS OF
SOIL DYNAMICS ANO MACHINE
FOUNDATIONS 812
20.1 Introduction 812
20.2 Fundamentals of Vibration 815
20.3 Fundamentals of Soil Dynamics 828
20.4 Machine Foundations-Special Features 840
20.5 Foundations for Reciprocating Machines 846
20.6 Foundations for Impact Machines 849
20.7 Vibration Isolation 858
20.8 ~onstruction Aspects of Machine
Foundations 862
20.9 illustrative Examples 863
Summary of Main
Points 873
References 874
Questions and Problems 875
Anl5wers to NumeriCal
Problems 877
Objective
Questions 880
Answers to Objective
Questions 896
Appendix A : A Note on
SI Units 901
Appendix B :
Notation 905
Author Index 919
Subject Index 921
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I am Thomas Britto here to share my experiences in the civil engineering field to all my readers.Today many students are struggling to buy books at high prices. So I decided to start a blog and share my experience and knowledge with all my readers.
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