ROAD MAINTENANCE
ROAD
MAINTENANCE
OBJECTIVES
General Objective
To
understand the management and the types of road maintenance.
Specific Objectives
At
the end of the unit you should be able to:-
·
identify the types of maintenance
operation.
·
describe the categories of
maintenance.
·
explain the purpose of road
maintenance.
·
identify the
organizations of road maintenance in Malaysia.
·
state
the maintenance operation activities.
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15.0 INTRODUCTION
Road maintenance is a continuous process that involves keeping and
repairing the existing road . So, it is
carried out to control the rate of
damage and to ensure the safety towards
the road users or the public.
Thus, the maintenance is done in order ;
a.
to ensure the durability of the road.
b.
To maintain the usage for the traffic user.
c.
To improve the
traffic system operation.
15.1 MAINTENANCE OPERATION
The highway maintenance operation is specifically
planned according to restorative and preventive methods. It is categorized into the following ;
a.
Immediate
maintenance.
b.
Routine
maintenance.
c.
Periodic
maintenance.
d.
Rehabilitation
maintenance.
15.1.1 Immediate Maintenance
Immediate maintenance is carried out to overcome an
incident that happened outside the immediate maintenance area . The incidents are ;
a.
bank avalanche
b.
erosion
c.
flood
d.
carcass
e.
traffic light
damage
f.
accident
15.1.2
Routine maintenance
Routine and periodic maintenance are implemented in
order to avoid massive destruction that
was caused by heavy traffic and weather condition. These two types of
maintenance are also needed to ensure the safety of the road users , in terms of environment and the road
condition. The following table is on routine operation maintenance.
a.
Routine Operation
Maintenance
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Activities
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Return period
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- Grass cutting.
- Drainage cleaning
- Puddle patch/tile.
- Road shoulder maintenance.
- Bridge and culvert cleaning.
- Sign board cleaning.
- Bridge maintenance.
- Traffic light and
intersection checking.
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- 4 – 6 times per year
- 12 times per year
- if needed
- 2 – 3 times per year
- 2 times per year
- 2 – 3 times per year
- 1 – 2 times per year
- When have any requirement.
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b.
Periodic Operation
Maintenance
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Activities
|
Return period
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- Rebuild A2 road surface with
premix.
- Surface dressing.
- Grading and rebroadcast
shoulder
roads stone.
- Replace the members of
wooden
bridge.
- Paint the center road line.
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7 – 10 years per time
3 – 5 years per time
2 – 3 years per time
2 – 3 years per time
1 – 2 times per year
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15.2 UPGRADING
Road upgrading is needed when routine and periodic
maintenance are not sufficient to
achieve a quality that is required. Therefore, road maintenance is carried out
when the number of traffic increases.
The maintenance work routine depends on the road
and the traffic condition. It is usually
determined by obtaining the Benkelmen
Beam Test result of the existing road
surface. Examples of the upgrading work are:-
a.
Flatten road tile.
b.
Maintaining the
road shoulder and roadside drain.
“WANT
TO IMPROVE YOUR UNDERSTANDING? TRY THESE ACTIVITIES AND GOOD LUCK!!!”
15.1 What is
the general purpose of road maintenance?
a. ______________________________
b.
______________________________
c.
______________________________
15.2 Write down 4 categories that include in the
maintenance operation.
a. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
c. ______________________________
d. ______________________________
15.3 Match the correct return period and its activities of routine operation maintenance below.
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Let’s
Check The Answer!
15.1 What is
the general purpose of road maintenance?
a. Make
the road that built everlasting and stronger.
b. Highway
maintenance for the traffic use.
c. Improve
the traffic system operation.
15.2 Write down 4 categories that include in the
maintenance operation.
a. Immediate
maintenance.
b. Routine
maintenance.
c. Periodic
maintenance.
d. Rehabilitation
maintenance.
16.3 Match
the correct return period on activities of routine operation maintenance as
listed below.
15.2
MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION
The organizations that are involved with the road
maintenance in Malaysia are:
- Federation Government by Highway Malaysian Boarded for highway link maintenance.
- Federation Government by Federation JKR for federation road link maintenance.
- State Government by State JKR, District JKR, Town Council etc.
The size , manpower , location and equipment /
machines of the maintenance organizations vary according to the types and
length of roads and types of work to be done. The immediate maintenance and
routine maintenance are usually done by
class F contractors where the maintenance work is done by using hand tools and observed by Foreman.
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In implementing the routine maintenance and upgrading works , it is done by increasing the manpower, material, tools
and machines . They are operated as one
gang. The jobs will then be carried out by the contractor’s workers. While the
Supervisor Division will be monitoring them.
A good relationship between the road maintenance
contractor or organization and the civilian or the public is important
in providing good services and safety for the road users Roads are public property
and the road maintenance contractor is
responsible to maintain it
15.3.1 Example of Maintenance Management
This is example for maintenance management that has
been done by JKR.
a.
Puddle patch.
Substances :
Premix
Tools/Machinery : 1 – 2 lories.
1
small plate.
1
compaction machine
1 machinery platform.
1
set traffic controller.
1
set of safety jacket, hammer and
scoops.
Main
powers : 1 foreman
8 workers
1 driver
Work
limited : 2 – 3 mile/day
b.
Road center line painted ( main power )
Substances : Paint ( white/yellow )
Tools/Machinery : 3 – 5 painted brush
3
painting rope line
20
cylinders con.
1
safety jacket.
1
set of road-crossing controller.
Workers : 1
foreman
5
workers.
Work limited : ½ - ¾ mile/day
c.
Single layer surface ( surface dressing )
Substances : Well crusher run
Binder
course – 80/100 bitumen
Tools/Machinery : 1
carriage machine
1
pneumatic tyre roller 1 sprayer bitumen machine
1
sweep machine.
3
unit 10 ton carriage lorry.
Workers : 1
foreman
8
drivers
Work
limited : 2/3 mile for 18ft road width
Note : The
work will be done in dry surface
condition
and well whether.
d.
Grass cutting routine on Road Shoulder
Substances : 3
grass cutting machine
1
van
3
sickle
Workers : 1
foreman
3
workers
1
driver
e.
Culvert cleaning
Substances :
capping stone cover layer, mine sand
cement
and ext drain.
Tool/
Machinery : Scoops
Small
exe
Mortar
hand tools
Wheel
barrow
1
small lorry
1
digging machine
Workers : 1
foreman
1
driver
1
digging machine driver
10
workers
Work
efficiency : depend on situation
15.3
ROAD MANTENANCE ACTIVITIES
The maintenance operation and
its process are stated in the table of
the previous sub topic;
they are routine time, immediate
time and emergency time .
However, the maintenance operation activities can
be categorized into :-
a.
Maintenance of
road surface.
b.
Maintenance of
road shoulder and road side drain.
c.
Maintenance of
culvert.
d.
Maintenance of
road sign and road furniture.
e.
Maintenance of
puddle and hole.
15.4.1
Maintenance of road surface.
Road surface maintenance or resurfacing work must
be done regularly. Surface maintenance
program will be done as follow:-
a.
Resurfacing A2 class by premix.
This is done due to the high traffic flow
(approximately 1000 pcu/hr of traffic per day). Roads under A2 class must be
resurfaced from time to time. Before any resurfacing of road is being carried out, several important criteria
should be considered , namely:-
-
Proper drainage
system.
-
Culvert line is
not clog.
-
Side drain must be
cleaned with sufficient design gradient.
-
Stabilize road
shoulder with its sufficient design gradient.
-
Precaution signage
and safety divider must be provided.
-
All kind of
machineries such as Road Premix Vehicle, steam roller vehicle, a tanker and
bitumen emulsion binder must be at the wok site.
-
Premix substances
at plant provider must be ready and all means of transportation to transport
workers are also necessary.
During the resurfacing of the road , heat or temperature control is a stringent
step. Since premix is a hot substance ,all processes involved such as
transporting, premixing and rolling ,should be carried out instantly before
its temperature drop. Before
premixing is done, the substance’s temperature should not be under 1350
C ( 2750 F ). While during premixing, it is not wise to resurfacing
the road under humid surface or during raining day.
Standard BS 1621 bitumen macadam premix is seldom used
by JKR. While premix quarries is
becoming less in usage compared to Asphalt Concrete Premix . This is because it
is , stronger and lasting .
b.
Surface Dressing
Surface dressing is carried out by resurfacing the
road on B and C class where the average traffic are below than 100 pcu/hr.
Surface dressing is done by resurfacing one or two layers. If it is done
correctly, the surface is smooth with a good skidding resistance. Compared to
premix, the surface dressing method does not last long and the surface is a bit
rough. However, the sealing effect is good and can withstand water sealing
effect or withstand the humidity underneath.
Good surface dressing works need:-
-
Suitable gravel
grading according to sizes.
-
Free dust and free
humidity of the gravel or aggregate.
-
Cuboids gravel are
preferred in order to have a suitable mixing ratio with bitumen.
-
Gravel
distribution rate with binder substance must suit to existing road surfaces
which are due to sizes and the traffic volume.
-
New road surface
must be premixed before any treatment process can be carried out.
c.
Gravel and Soil Road Surface Maintenance.
i. Gravel Road
Gravel surface road consists of selected gravel and
is not given any bitumen’s mix. State and village road from D and E class are
from this types of road. This kind of gravel contains laterite soil, gravel
hill and shale.
ii. Soil Road
Normally, soil road
is appropriate to be used during dry weather. Although dusty, soil road
also can give condusive surface for driving. Soil road is normally build from
the nearest soil. The strength of the road to support the traffic depends on
the location of the road, type of the soil around it and weather. To ensure the construction of
the road (E class road ) is good, full concentration must be given to the
maintenance works especially shaping and drainage.
15.4.2 Road
Shoulder and Road Side Drain Maintenance
a.
Road Shoulder
The functions of a road shoulder are;
it
i.
prepares a flat
support to the road pavement.
ii.
drains the water
surface to the road side drain and avoid humidity from diffusion.
iii.
provides
space for traffic users to stop by the
roadside of the road and also for emergency lane during overtaking, especially
on the one way street road.
iv.
provides lane/
path for pedestrians and cyclists
v.
provides space for
traffic signs and guard rails.
The maintenance process of the soil and gravel of the road shoulder are:-
i.
reshaping and leveling the road shoulder using
motor grader.
ii.
Topping/ Adding
new substances to fill up the lost
substance due to erosion and traffic impact.
iii.
Compacting the new and existence substances by leveling and rolling.
b. Roadside
drain.
It is located at the side of the road. The
functions are; it
i.
removes the water
from the road surface.
ii.
avoids the water from
high level to flow over to the road
area.
iii.
avoids water
diffusion that will cause the sub-grade failure.
“WANT
TO IMPROVE YOUR UNDERSTANDING? TRY THESE ACTIVITIES AND GOOD LUCK!!!”
15.4
Name the
organizations that are involved in road maintenance in Malaysia.
1.
__________________________________________________
2.
__________________________________________________
3.
__________________________________________________
15.5
The maintenance
operation activities can be categorized into 5
categories. List down all the categories.
i.
__________________________________________________
ii.
__________________________________________________
iii.
__________________________________________________
iv.
__________________________________________________
v.
__________________________________________________
Let’s
Check The Answer!
15.4 Name the organizations that involve with road maintenance in Malaysia.
1.
Federation
Government by Highway Malaysian Boarded for highway link maintenance.
2.
Federation Government
by Federation JKR for federation road link maintenance.
3.
State Government
by State JKR, District JKR, Town Council ect. For local and state roads link.
15.5
The maintenance
operation activities can be categorized into 5 categories. List down all the categories.
i.
Maintenance of
road surface.
ii.
Maintenance of
road shoulder and road side drain.
iii.
Maintenance of
culvert.
iv.
Maintenance of
road sign and road furniture.
v.
Maintenance of
puddle and hole.
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||||
|
||||
The highway maintenance operation is specifically
planned according to restorative and preventive. It can be categorized into
several types of maintenance. Describe
the immediate maintenance.
|
Surface maintenance or resurfacing work must be
done regularly. Explain briefly about Resurfacing A2 class by Premix.
|
State three functions of roadside drain.
|
|
Immediate maintenance is required to overcome the
incident which happens outside of
the immediate maintenance area. The
incidents are
a.
bank avalanche
b.
erosion
c.
flood
d.
carcass
e.
traffic light
damage
f.
accident
|
d.
Resurfacing A2 class by premix.
This is done due to the high traffic flow
(approximately 1000 pcu/hr of traffic per day). Roads under A2 class must be
resurfaced from time to time. Before any resurfacing of road is being carried out, several important criteria
should be considered , namely:-
-
Proper drainage
system.
-
Culvert line is
not clog.
-
Side drain must be
cleaned with sufficient design gradient.
-
Stabilize road
shoulder with its sufficient design gradient.
-
Precaution signage
and safety divider must be provided.
-
All kind of
machineries such as Road Premix Vehicle, steam roller vehicle, a tanker and
bitumen emulsion binder must be at the wok site.
-
Premix substances
at plant provider must be ready and all means of transportation to transport
workers are also necessary.
During the resurfacing of the road , heat or temperature control is a stringent
step. Since premix is a hot substance ,all processes involved such as
transporting, premixing and rolling ,should be carried out instantly before
its temperature drop. Before
premixing is done, the substance’s temperature should not be under 1350
C ( 2750 F ). While during premixing, it is not wise to resurfacing
the road under humid surface or during raining day.
Standard BS 1621 bitumen macadam premix is seldom
used by JKR. While premix quarries is
becoming less in usage compared to Asphalt Concrete Premix . This is because it
is , stronger and lasting .
|
The functions of roadside are:-
1.
It removes the
water from the road surface.
2.
It avoids the
water from high level to flow over to
the road area.
3.
It avoids water
diffusion that will cause the sub-grade failure.
About Author:
I am Thomas Britto here to share my experiences in the civil engineering field to all my readers.Today many students are struggling to buy books at high prices. So I decided to start a blog and share my experience and knowledge with all my readers.
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